The Battle of Guadalcanal Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Battle of Guadalcanal - Term Paper Example In any case, by August 1942, the American marines arrived on the Guadalcanal’s northern sea shores after the terminating of Navy dispatches in front of them. Around a quarter of a year later, the Marine figured out how to make sure about the runway, just as around six miles wide on the sea shore area (Braun and Alexander 232). This paper accordingly bores profound into the Battle of Guadalcanal, its tasks, and investigates the Allied and Japanese initiative during the war. Associated powers, overwhelmingly from America, arrived on Guadalcanal by seventh August 1942, holding onto a runway that had been under development by the Japanese military-the landing strip was later named as Henderson Field (Coggan 162). In this manner, a few endeavors and endeavors made by the Japanese Imperial Navy and Army hugely bombed as they utilized boats to convey fortifications to Guadalcanal, with a sole point of recovering the runway. By early November, 1942, Japanese military sorted out a vehi cle guard that would take around 7,000 infantry troops and gear to the island of Guadalcanal-their center goal being to make an endeavor by and by, which would help their battle to retake the landing strip. As indicated by Braun and Alexander, loads of Japanese warships and powers were designated to assault the Henderson Field with a focal point of crushing Allied airplanes, which presented dangers to their escort (248). Subsequent to watching and learning the Japanese endeavors of support and retake, the United States military powers propelled warship and airplane battles so as to guard the Henderson Fields, and consequently forestall or bar the Japanese naval force and ground troops from approaching the Guadalcanal zone. Braun and Alexander uncovers that for key purposes, the ownership of a runway or airbase inside Guadalcanal was crucial to the control of ocean line-interchanges among Australia and the United States (241).

Chotukool Solutions free essay sample

Evaluate the business situation for ChotuKool? What are the basic achievement factors for this item to succeed? ChotuKool falls in to the matter of refrigeration, to comprehend the business better let us comprehend the general refrigeration business But before that lets takes a gander at the purchaser sturdy market, the shopper solid market comprises of items from watches to fans. With the assistance of the underneath referenced information we can comprehend the entrance and reach of a shopper solid like cooler in contrast with an item like Television Set, vehicle, bicycle or Grinder. This will help us in having a more profound information on the position of a retrigger in the psyches of the customer in contrast with other purchaser durables. With the examination of the underneath demonstrated graph we comprehend that fridges have had the option to enter just 46% of the urban market then again it has scarcely scratched the provincial market by simply arriving at a pitiful 8%. We will compose a custom exposition test on Chotukool Solutions or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In general a large portion of the shopper solid appeared beneath have an average reach in the provincial markets aside from vehicle and fridges, this encourages us comprehend that there is an undiscovered market accessible in the rustic territories for this particular customer strong Ownership of purchaser durables (% of family unit) Refrigerators Pressure cooker Bicycle Wrist watch Ceiling fan Mixer/Grinder Color TV Motorcycle Car 0% 3% 12% 19% 17% 19% 34% 48% 56% 54% 8% 38% 53% 69% 76% 88% 89% 46% 80% Urban Rural 20% 40% 60% 80% FY 2008 †09| Rs/cr| ACamp;R industry advertise size| 14,200 (US$ 3. 0 B)| Airconditioning systems| 11,000| Business refrigeration| 2,000| ACamp;R servicing| 1,200| * Approximately 69 percent populace lives in rustic India, yet just 35% deals is contributed by provincial markets. Be that as it may, this business commitment is relied upon to increment to 45% in not so distant future. * Rural Consumer durables markets is developing by 30 percent presently, expected to develop by 45 percent in FY12 80 lacs Refrigerators sold a year ago and the market has developed by 12-15% (2010) Commercial Refrigeration Sector †¢ Growth during most recent 5 years: - 10% †¢ Expected development during medium term (3-5 years): 10-12% Taking a gander at these figures we can see that the Domestic Refrigerator showcase in Indiaâ is one of the quickest developing portions of the buyer strong industry and is seeing huge development because of rising per capita salary and improved social markers. The market is evaluated to be worth INR 97. 69 bnâ in 2010. Over 80% of the number of inhabitants in India doesn't utilize coolers. Fridges have been produced in India since 1950s. Till the 1980s, players like Godrej, Kelvinator, Allwyn and Voltas controlled practically 90% of the market. Prior, the white merchandise division was sorted as an extravagance products industry and was dependent upon harsh tax collection and authorizing. The circumstance changed after progression of the economy in the mid 1990s. The Government evacuated all limitations, and now there is no limitation on remote venture, and licenses are not, at this point required. Post-advancement, various outside organizations entered the market and numerous local players additionally enhanced into fridges. BPL and Videocon who previously had a nearness in the customer gadgets advertise, utilized their qualities to enter the durables area. In India, fridges have the most noteworthy optimistic estimation of all buyer durables, except for TVs. This records for the high development pace of the cooler market which has been developing at a pace of about 15% every year, while the buyer durables industry in general has developed at nearly 8%. The size of the cooler market is assessed to be 3. 5-4 million units around, esteemed at Rs. 50 bn. The household infiltration pace of fridges is about 9%. The infiltration is impressively higher in urban territories, which represent 75% of the interest, with rustic zones comprising the other 25%. The interest is additionally higher in the northern and western pieces of the nation than in the east. An examination by Assocham in 2011 assessed the provincial shopper durables market to develop at 40% in 2012 because of higher discretionary cashflow among rustic buyers. The size of the home apparatus advertise in India is pegged at '30,000 crore, with forced air systems, fridges and clothes washers as the biggest classifications, however family unit peneration levels are in low single-digits. Current Scenario in India, * Refrigerators have the second most noteworthy optimistic estimation of all customer durables * High development pace of the cooler market. Fridges are fabricated in two fundamental structures which are alluded to as Direct Cool (DC) and Frost Free (FF) cooler. Godrej’s share in the refrigeration showcase as appeared underneath is 18 % Critical achievement factors for chotuKool: Let us study the basic achievement factors based on the 4p’s of advertising Product: Designed explicitly for rustic shopper Cooling Chip Runs on low force and invertors Runs on battery when there’s load shedding Color picked based on customer intrigue Use of unusual cooling innovation.

Participatory Democracy Research Essay

Participatory Democracy Research Essay Participatory democracy: the rise of the political citizen and participative power Participatory democracy: the rise of the political citizen and participative power Academic Discipline: Political Science Course Name: The Frontiers of Democracy Assignment Subject: Participatory democracy: the rise of the political citizen and participative power Academic Level: Undergraduate-fourth year Referencing Style: Chicago Word Count: 1,860 Introduction A renewal of political philosophy has coincided in most Western countries with the establishment of procedures during the last two decades, in order to indirectly involve citizens in the political decision-making process. These schemes are mostly granted by local or governmental authorities, but can also result from strong pressure from the grassroots and the social movement. It is to this institutional offer of participation that today the idea of participatory democracy refers: a movement that aims, more or less clearly and effectively, to institutionalize the participation of citizens in other forms than the simple designation of elected representatives. An institutional regime that excludes citizen participation in the exercise of power came to be designated as democracy, which by definition refers to an ideal of government in which the legitimacy of a decision rests on those who should be able to participate in it, and whom the decision concerns. In this context, it is believed that the functioning of a democratic system calls for a certain degree of participation by the people in the determination of collective choices. This paper will analytically clarify what the terms ‘political citizen’ and ‘participative power’ mean, and also analyze the political stakes of this claimed support on a specific form of democratic participation, and examine what this discussion brings to the classical opposition between classic theories and the participatory theories of democracy. Background The notion of the ‘political citizen’, and the equivalent terms refer to the idea of a constitutional contribution accessible to everyone. Two variants can then be distinguished, which designate rather different dynamics in regards to the justification of the citizens participation in the decision-making processes. The first regards the application of political power as a mobilized notion, while the second regards carrying out transformations that follow the logic of the society and its internal changes in the functioning of the political administration. Having these means makes it possible to adapt and improve the offer of public policies so that it corresponds more to the needs of those to whom it is addressed. Participation at this level goes hand in hand with more accessible public services, and open communication between decision-makers and users. However, in other participatory arrangements, it is not primarily in its dimension of use that the ordinary reason of the citize ns is convened and the latter are asked to exercise their collective powers of reasoning. Despite important nuances, the primary intention is the same: it is a question of completing the institutional regulation of representative democracy in places where the deployment of this broader democratic deliberation is possible, and where the participation of the greatest number of collective choices is encouraged. The effects of rigorous approaches towards greater participation by the people in decision-making can be significant, as it is on the way to becoming one of the dominant currents of contemporary political thought. Participatory democracy Participatory democracy, under some of these modalities, enshrines a new political role to the ordinary citizen, whereby the citizen becomes required to pronounce himself, and is supposed to be able to position himself politically when the share of initiative left to participants is reduced to a minimum. This is often the case with the various participatory sittings or public debates that the political authorities set up, but which are in no way part of genuine participation. In other cases, discussions with citizens are part of pre-regulated arrangements that, like conferences or juries of citizens, are the subject of standard procedures. In this case, the citizen is often placed in a passive, experimental situation, with a minimal room for negotiation. In these conditions, the forms of socially assisted democracies do not instrumentalize those who agree to participate. But by questioning the capacity of these procedures to influence the decision-making process, they point to their main limit: their lack of effectiveness. Indeed, under certain conditions, these procedural innovations can sometimes trigger a virtuous political change process and compensate for the effect of structural inequalities on political participation, but in many cases, this type of decision-making approach contributes to polarizing rather than reconciling the different points of view. The institutionalization of participation, its inclusion in the law and in administrative routines arguably offer more advantages than disadvantages. But this institutionalization of participation can only be achieved on one condition: the emergence and recognition of an intermediary actor, or a neutral power that guarantees the progress of the dialogue, and imposes obligations on all those involved. The establishment of a procedure for participation with the public is likely to produce effects, regardless of the political context. These effects are often indirect and unexpected, and may concern the organizations, the actors involved, but also the decision itself. The expected effects, which are sought to be verified, can be extremely varied. They can relate to the actors at the individual level, their capacity to act, their opinions, their level of information, or acceptance of the other. They can relate to the power relations between groups, situations of domination or injustice o r the social representations of a phenomenon. They can finally deal with the decision in a democracy, whose causal relationships, taken separately or as a whole, the participation is supposed to validate or invalidate. Participative power The participation of political citizens can then be a means of gaining advantage against organized civil society, suspected of having special counter interests. To be deployed, collective powers of reasoning require sufficient information, pluralistic debates allowing the exchange of arguments, and moments of personal introspection. Consequently, the very notion of democracy, the idea that everyone has the right to participate in the definition of common affairs, if only through the vote of representatives, would be meaningless. Induced by participatory approaches or, more broadly, by commitment to the problems of society, the idea of participation in the most radical experiments refers to a participative democracy in the strict sense, that is to say a combination between the institutions of representative democracy and the dimensions of democracy direct. An important part of the decision is not a purely technical definition and implies cultural, social or political choices which ordinary citizens can reasonably be associated with when an adequate procedure allows them to have information and to deliberate properly on the matter. The reason behind this is that participation is at best only a small minority of citizens, it is very socially unequal, as every interest, every social institution, is transformed into general, collective interest. Participatory democracy contributes to politicizing certain populations, as it is always possible to contest the very modalities of the organization of the debate which challenges the organizers in the name of the democratic principles they claim to be, for example, is a common modality of major social operations. More generally, everything indicates that organized groups still have the choice to practice when faced with these participatory mechanisms. While for some of them, the most fragile, these instances of participation constitute places where their real representativeness and strength are put to the test, most have a vested interest in their multiplication. Whatever the approach adopted, and where their intervention is permitted, organized groups retain the possibility of acting simultaneously in other settings. Instigating positive social changes This idea of participatory democracy is very often detached from any reference to social justice, as it is a question of bringing citizens closer to political power, of informing the population and introducing effective movements, but not of helping to improve the lot of the most disadvantaged populations. In other words, existing schemes contribute more to the learning of the actors already in place, and to redefining their relations than to transforming citizens into genuine actors in public decision-making. Ideally, participative power is expected to produce citizens more interested in public affairs, more informed, more empathetic, more concerned with the general interest, and to transform their opinions. These approaches call for attention to citizens education, civic engagement and empowerment processes. As such, in order to make it more effective there must be an effort to communicate systematically, with the populations furthest from the political sphere through selective i ncentives for participation, or by a constant search for representativeness. It is at this price that it is possible to avoid the reproduction of the balance of power that is successful only if explicitly and effectively sought. Because public participation does not spread homogeneously on a national scale in various sectors, including the public policy sector, in the same way, depending on the country, the analysis of the effects requires broadening the dimensions taken into account in the evaluation of participatory processes. There are more comparative approaches between public action contexts in order to analyze their differentiated capabilities. This is done in order to produce a range of participation and how whole areas of public action evade or convert into the new system of political participation. Namely, the influence of participatory schemes are created often to seek out the explanation of this result elsewhere, other than in the devices themselves. As such, a question of the effects on the decision is a question about the relatively low impact of the participatory protocols put in place, contrary to the expectations of the proponents of embedding them in larger systems of action and longer tempo ralities. Consequently, the failure of most participatory processes is to transform public action serves in order to inform the ordinary processes of decision-making in our democracies. This reasoning can be used as an argument that democratization of the decision-making process is hardly possible, due to the asymmetries of power and knowledge between the actors corresponding to strong initial normative changes. The first of these refers to the fact that the invalidation of the supposed and expected effects of participation constitutes in itself a significant result or decision. To note that, under certain conditions, the participation of the public in a democracy strengthens the power of the representatives, reinforces injustice and domination or produces strictly no effect can disappoint, it nevertheless constitutes a fact that deserves to be established. Conclusion In view of the initial assessments made in this issue and the questions they raise, it can be concluded that this deliberate turn in contemporary political thought and the rise of this participatory imperative in public action are a reflection on the limits of proven operation of current representative democracies. A deviation from the participatory ideal is not only a risk, but a reality that is seen today in many municipalities where consultation councils have neither the means nor the recognition sufficient to make themselves heard. At the same time, it can be concluded that the reference to an ideal of direct democracy or self-management is absent from most of these initiatives. Whether they are as diverse as neighbourhood councils, citizens conferences or the public debate, all present themselves as places where an informed public judgment can be built, where conflicting opinions can be made, and where arguments can be exchanged, but where decision-making power is not directly at stake. In particular, the devices which can be associated with this movement are tools or instruments to involve citizens more or less permanently in the discussion of local political affairs or development projects. Bibliography: Bryson, John M., Kathryn S. Quick, Carissa Schively Slotterback, and Barbara C. Crosby. Designing public participation processes. Public administration review 73, no. 1 (2013): 23-34. Fung, Archon. Putting the public back into governance: The challenges of citizen participation and its future. Public Administration Review 75, no. 4 (2015): 513-522. Lafont, Cristina. Deliberation, Participation, and Democratic Legitimacy: Should Deliberative Mini-publics Shape Public Policy?. Journal of Political Philosophy 23, no. 1 (2015): 40-63. Langford, Tom. Union democracy as a foundation for a participatory society: A theoretical elaboration and historical example. Labour/Le Travail 76, no. 1 (2015): 79-108. Stoker, Gerry. Why politics matters: making democracy work. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. Participatory Democracy Research Essay Participatory democracy: the rise of the political citizen and participative power Participatory democracy: the rise of the political citizen and participative power Academic Discipline: Political Science Course Name: The Frontiers of Democracy Assignment Subject: Participatory democracy: the rise of the political citizen and participative power Academic Level: Undergraduate-fourth year Referencing Style: Chicago Word Count: 1,860 Introduction A renewal of political philosophy has coincided in most Western countries with the establishment of procedures during the last two decades, in order to indirectly involve citizens in the political decision-making process. These schemes are mostly granted by local or governmental authorities, but can also result from strong pressure from the grassroots and the social movement. It is to this institutional offer of participation that today the idea of participatory democracy refers: a movement that aims, more or less clearly and effectively, to institutionalize the participation of citizens in other forms than the simple designation of elected representatives. An institutional regime that excludes citizen participation in the exercise of power came to be designated as democracy, which by definition refers to an ideal of government in which the legitimacy of a decision rests on those who should be able to participate in it, and whom the decision concerns. In this context, it is believed that the functioning of a democratic system calls for a certain degree of participation by the people in the determination of collective choices. This paper will analytically clarify what the terms ‘political citizen’ and ‘participative power’ mean, and also analyze the political stakes of this claimed support on a specific form of democratic participation, and examine what this discussion brings to the classical opposition between classic theories and the participatory theories of democracy. Background The notion of the ‘political citizen’, and the equivalent terms refer to the idea of a constitutional contribution accessible to everyone. Two variants can then be distinguished, which designate rather different dynamics in regards to the justification of the citizens participation in the decision-making processes. The first regards the application of political power as a mobilized notion, while the second regards carrying out transformations that follow the logic of the society and its internal changes in the functioning of the political administration. Having these means makes it possible to adapt and improve the offer of public policies so that it corresponds more to the needs of those to whom it is addressed. Participation at this level goes hand in hand with more accessible public services, and open communication between decision-makers and users. However, in other participatory arrangements, it is not primarily in its dimension of use that the ordinary reason of the citize ns is convened and the latter are asked to exercise their collective powers of reasoning. Despite important nuances, the primary intention is the same: it is a question of completing the institutional regulation of representative democracy in places where the deployment of this broader democratic deliberation is possible, and where the participation of the greatest number of collective choices is encouraged. The effects of rigorous approaches towards greater participation by the people in decision-making can be significant, as it is on the way to becoming one of the dominant currents of contemporary political thought. Participatory democracy Participatory democracy, under some of these modalities, enshrines a new political role to the ordinary citizen, whereby the citizen becomes required to pronounce himself, and is supposed to be able to position himself politically when the share of initiative left to participants is reduced to a minimum. This is often the case with the various participatory sittings or public debates that the political authorities set up, but which are in no way part of genuine participation. In other cases, discussions with citizens are part of pre-regulated arrangements that, like conferences or juries of citizens, are the subject of standard procedures. In this case, the citizen is often placed in a passive, experimental situation, with a minimal room for negotiation. In these conditions, the forms of socially assisted democracies do not instrumentalize those who agree to participate. But by questioning the capacity of these procedures to influence the decision-making process, they point to their main limit: their lack of effectiveness. Indeed, under certain conditions, these procedural innovations can sometimes trigger a virtuous political change process and compensate for the effect of structural inequalities on political participation, but in many cases, this type of decision-making approach contributes to polarizing rather than reconciling the different points of view. The institutionalization of participation, its inclusion in the law and in administrative routines arguably offer more advantages than disadvantages. But this institutionalization of participation can only be achieved on one condition: the emergence and recognition of an intermediary actor, or a neutral power that guarantees the progress of the dialogue, and imposes obligations on all those involved. The establishment of a procedure for participation with the public is likely to produce effects, regardless of the political context. These effects are often indirect and unexpected, and may concern the organizations, the actors involved, but also the decision itself. The expected effects, which are sought to be verified, can be extremely varied. They can relate to the actors at the individual level, their capacity to act, their opinions, their level of information, or acceptance of the other. They can relate to the power relations between groups, situations of domination or injustice o r the social representations of a phenomenon. They can finally deal with the decision in a democracy, whose causal relationships, taken separately or as a whole, the participation is supposed to validate or invalidate. Participative power The participation of political citizens can then be a means of gaining advantage against organized civil society, suspected of having special counter interests. To be deployed, collective powers of reasoning require sufficient information, pluralistic debates allowing the exchange of arguments, and moments of personal introspection. Consequently, the very notion of democracy, the idea that everyone has the right to participate in the definition of common affairs, if only through the vote of representatives, would be meaningless. Induced by participatory approaches or, more broadly, by commitment to the problems of society, the idea of participation in the most radical experiments refers to a participative democracy in the strict sense, that is to say a combination between the institutions of representative democracy and the dimensions of democracy direct. An important part of the decision is not a purely technical definition and implies cultural, social or political choices which ordinary citizens can reasonably be associated with when an adequate procedure allows them to have information and to deliberate properly on the matter. The reason behind this is that participation is at best only a small minority of citizens, it is very socially unequal, as every interest, every social institution, is transformed into general, collective interest. Participatory democracy contributes to politicizing certain populations, as it is always possible to contest the very modalities of the organization of the debate which challenges the organizers in the name of the democratic principles they claim to be, for example, is a common modality of major social operations. More generally, everything indicates that organized groups still have the choice to practice when faced with these participatory mechanisms. While for some of them, the most fragile, these instances of participation constitute places where their real representativeness and strength are put to the test, most have a vested interest in their multiplication. Whatever the approach adopted, and where their intervention is permitted, organized groups retain the possibility of acting simultaneously in other settings. Instigating positive social changes This idea of participatory democracy is very often detached from any reference to social justice, as it is a question of bringing citizens closer to political power, of informing the population and introducing effective movements, but not of helping to improve the lot of the most disadvantaged populations. In other words, existing schemes contribute more to the learning of the actors already in place, and to redefining their relations than to transforming citizens into genuine actors in public decision-making. Ideally, participative power is expected to produce citizens more interested in public affairs, more informed, more empathetic, more concerned with the general interest, and to transform their opinions. These approaches call for attention to citizens education, civic engagement and empowerment processes. As such, in order to make it more effective there must be an effort to communicate systematically, with the populations furthest from the political sphere through selective i ncentives for participation, or by a constant search for representativeness. It is at this price that it is possible to avoid the reproduction of the balance of power that is successful only if explicitly and effectively sought. Because public participation does not spread homogeneously on a national scale in various sectors, including the public policy sector, in the same way, depending on the country, the analysis of the effects requires broadening the dimensions taken into account in the evaluation of participatory processes. There are more comparative approaches between public action contexts in order to analyze their differentiated capabilities. This is done in order to produce a range of participation and how whole areas of public action evade or convert into the new system of political participation. Namely, the influence of participatory schemes are created often to seek out the explanation of this result elsewhere, other than in the devices themselves. As such, a question of the effects on the decision is a question about the relatively low impact of the participatory protocols put in place, contrary to the expectations of the proponents of embedding them in larger systems of action and longer tempo ralities. Consequently, the failure of most participatory processes is to transform public action serves in order to inform the ordinary processes of decision-making in our democracies. This reasoning can be used as an argument that democratization of the decision-making process is hardly possible, due to the asymmetries of power and knowledge between the actors corresponding to strong initial normative changes. The first of these refers to the fact that the invalidation of the supposed and expected effects of participation constitutes in itself a significant result or decision. To note that, under certain conditions, the participation of the public in a democracy strengthens the power of the representatives, reinforces injustice and domination or produces strictly no effect can disappoint, it nevertheless constitutes a fact that deserves to be established. Conclusion In view of the initial assessments made in this issue and the questions they raise, it can be concluded that this deliberate turn in contemporary political thought and the rise of this participatory imperative in public action are a reflection on the limits of proven operation of current representative democracies. A deviation from the participatory ideal is not only a risk, but a reality that is seen today in many municipalities where consultation councils have neither the means nor the recognition sufficient to make themselves heard. At the same time, it can be concluded that the reference to an ideal of direct democracy or self-management is absent from most of these initiatives. Whether they are as diverse as neighbourhood councils, citizens conferences or the public debate, all present themselves as places where an informed public judgment can be built, where conflicting opinions can be made, and where arguments can be exchanged, but where decision-making power is not directly at stake. In particular, the devices which can be associated with this movement are tools or instruments to involve citizens more or less permanently in the discussion of local political affairs or development projects. Bibliography: Bryson, John M., Kathryn S. Quick, Carissa Schively Slotterback, and Barbara C. Crosby. Designing public participation processes. Public administration review 73, no. 1 (2013): 23-34. Fung, Archon. Putting the public back into governance: The challenges of citizen participation and its future. Public Administration Review 75, no. 4 (2015): 513-522. Lafont, Cristina. Deliberation, Participation, and Democratic Legitimacy: Should Deliberative Mini-publics Shape Public Policy?. Journal of Political Philosophy 23, no. 1 (2015): 40-63. Langford, Tom. Union democracy as a foundation for a participatory society: A theoretical elaboration and historical example. Labour/Le Travail 76, no. 1 (2015): 79-108. Stoker, Gerry. Why politics matters: making democracy work. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016.

Helping the Nation With an Online Associates in Criminal Justice 2019

If you have dreamed of a career in law enforcement, Homeland Security, forensic science or a related field, but are not equipped with the education to proceed, an online degree in criminal justice might be your ticket to success. Even if you are in an entirely different field and are currently working full-time, it is possible to achieve success without having to quit your employment or move your family. You can take advantage of several online degree options. The U.S. Census Bureau states that degree holders earn nearly double the income of that of high school diploma holders. That is reason enough to start your search for the perfect online degree in field of criminal justice. American InterContinental University, Kaplan University, and ITT Technical Institute all offer an accredited Associates degree in Criminal Justice. Instruction is provided in current criminal justice issues such as law enforcement operations, courts and correctional institutions. Students will be exposed to learning about theory and practice, applied technology and have the opportunity to interact with practitioners in criminal justice. In some cases this degree can transfer to a four-year program as well as give you the foundation to enter the field of criminal justice. .u5c263bc572596a8852f9c5d5bd437a9c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u5c263bc572596a8852f9c5d5bd437a9c:active, .u5c263bc572596a8852f9c5d5bd437a9c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u5c263bc572596a8852f9c5d5bd437a9c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u5c263bc572596a8852f9c5d5bd437a9c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u5c263bc572596a8852f9c5d5bd437a9c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u5c263bc572596a8852f9c5d5bd437a9c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Information Technology in EducationThe School of Criminal Justice at Kaplan University offers an advanced start Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice. Once you have your associate degree, you can earn a Bachelor Degree in as little as 12 months. This degree program prepares you with the knowledge, communication skills, critical thinking and technical competency required by a career in criminal justice. There are five emphasis areas in the Criminal Justice degree from Kaplan. These are: Forensic Psychology Law Enforcement Private Security Fraud Examination Investigation Corrections If one of these arenas sounds appealing, then this is the degree program for you. There are other education options for an online criminal justice associates degree. Among these is Columbia Southern University, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree in Criminal Justice, providing students with education and technical training to succeed as a professional in this field. This is one university in which military personnel can apply their education benefits. .u2e630d3c53c19cafcf5a6f03e3e16cd7 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u2e630d3c53c19cafcf5a6f03e3e16cd7:active, .u2e630d3c53c19cafcf5a6f03e3e16cd7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u2e630d3c53c19cafcf5a6f03e3e16cd7 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u2e630d3c53c19cafcf5a6f03e3e16cd7 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u2e630d3c53c19cafcf5a6f03e3e16cd7 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u2e630d3c53c19cafcf5a6f03e3e16cd7:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Nonprofit Jobs Work for a Cause while Building a CareerAnother choice is Rasmussen College, which specializes in career-focused training designed to provide maximum job placement potential in a short period of time. The specialty degrees are Associates Degree in Criminal Justice/Homeland Security and Social Services. You would be equipped to work in the field of corrections, private security and criminal law or in human services such as probation, juvenile justice and family services. As population increases, so does the call for people educated in the criminal justice field. If the idea of helping others and making the world a safer, better place appeals to you, get started now on your online criminal justice degree today. You will be glad that you did! 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Slavery By Another Name By Douglas Blackmon - 1181 Words

Slavery by Another Name Essay Slavery by Another Name gives readers an interesting and eye opening look into the past of the re-enslavement of Black Americans. The author, Douglas Blackmon, presents a compelling and effective presentation and argument; which adds on to my previous knowledge of this familiar and personal topic, that slavery did not necessarily end with the Emancipation Proclamation. He argues that from the Civil War to World War II Black Americans were re-enslaved through hard labor. He uses various examples of real life experiences from descendants of the re-enslaved Black Americans and documents to support his presentation which gives the reader a better view as to what those times were like. Blackmon researched all the facts and information for this book himself being certain not to alter any quotations from individuals to keep everything true. Although Blackmon uses many stories in his book he chose to focus this narrative on one forgotten black man and his fami ly, Green Cottenham. Blackmon states in his introduction, â€Å"The absence of his voice rest at the center of this book† (pg 10). Blackmon provides many stories in his book about what the slaves to forced laborers went through and how they felt about the new so called â€Å"freedom† they gained. The Black Americans prior to the Emancipation Proclamation have never seen the slightest clue to what freedom could even feel like. â€Å"Some of the old slaves said they too weren’t sure what â€Å"freedom† really was†Show MoreRelatedDouglas A. Blackmon s `` Slavery By Another Name ``1176 Words   |  5 Pages Douglas A. Blackmon was an award-winning novelist and was very known by his book, â€Å"Slavery by Another Name†. This book takes you through a dark time in our past and shows you the lifestyle of an average American. Many of people did not know that slavery was not completely abolished until 1945. Many believed that slavery had stopped after the Civil War. Douglas A. Blackmon gave a clear presentation of the American lives, and the hardship many African-Americans had to live t hrough. Many African-AmericansRead MoreNeo Slavery and Famous Journalist Douglas A. Blackmon 548 Words   |  2 Pageswinner Douglas A. Blackmon started off small in Leland Mississippi, publishing his first story to his local newspaper at age 12. Later on in life he attended college at Hendrix University where he got his degrees in English. Throughout life his career has been mainly focused on the history of race and human rights. Blackmon has worked in a variety of places though out his career such as the Atlanta Journal Constitution, The Wall Street Journal, and in 2011 he joined the Washington Post. Blackmon hadRead More The Role of the Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Movement Essay example1969 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough the Supreme Court aided them, matters would never have been voiced without activists. Verney reminds us ‘a powerful civil rights momentum was established well before Brown’12. Two early advocates are Booker T. Washington, described Douglas A. Blackmon as ‘the nation’s most prominent black leader’13 and W. E. B. Du Bois, a founding member of the NAACP. The fact that this organisation had 43,994 members by 1918 shows the extent of the civil rights following, and how much they were able to doRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On The Southern Economy1212 Words   |  5 Pagesby the states in the winter of 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment was put into play. It declared, â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude†¦shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† (Primary Documents). Officially, this amendment outlawed the practice of slavery, there was, however, an exception. That exception was the use of involuntary servitude, or slavery, as a form of punishment. More than four million African Americans walked free in 1865, this had a ratherRead MoreAnalysis Of Slavery And Ethics Relevance2344 Words   |  10 PagesAnalysis of Slavery and Ethics Relevance to the United States Slavery remains one of the most disturbing phenomena to have ever occurred in the history of the human race. The word slavery continues to provoke mixed feelings from different people when it is mentioned. It is an infamous institution that can be defined as the first form of exploitation in history. The study of slavery helps in the understanding of how various people were forcefully moved from one geographical region to another. Most blacksRead MoreCapitalism And The American Worker1331 Words   |  6 Pagesworking people were deteriorated because of the development of labor and what conditions these people faced. Douglas Blackmon’s Slavery by Another Name, provided evidence that slavery did not end along with the Civil War and that African-Americans continued to be enslaved and exploited under the system. DiLorenzo agrees that capitalism helped improve wages and workers in America, but Blackmon and Dubofksy show evidence of other arguments that prove to us that capitalism was not a positive impact. Read MoreOn Course Journal Entry 31104 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans and the culture of Africa. Some book titles I read included; The Miseducation of the Negro by. Carter G. Woodson, Nigger by. Dick Gregory, The Memoir of Dick Gregory by. Dick Gregory, Slavery by Another Name by. Douglas A. Blackmon, The Autobiography of Malcolm X by. Alex Haley, and Stolen Legacy just to name a few. I also watched documentaries; Hidden Colors 1-3 and Dark Girls. I also studied a couple museums, the most recent being the one in contribute of Martin Luther King and Cloretta ScottRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs1754 Words   |  8 Pagesincluding racial hierarchy, evolve and change as they are confronted. African-Americans’ plight can be compartmentalized into three periods of time in America’s history. First, it was the system of slavery, where many of them were forced to work and were also denied their basic human rights. The system of slavery lasted for decades, before it was finally overthrown after the civil war, which freed many blacks and granted them some human rights. Then come the Jim Crow era, an era that segregated many blacks’Read MoreSlavery by Another Name Essay1768 Words   |  8 PagesStudents are taught in most schools that slavery ended with President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. However after reading Douglas Blackmon’s Slavery by Another Name I am clearly convinced that slavery continued for many years afterward. It is shown throughout this book that slavery did not end until 1942, this is when the condition of what Blackmon refers to as neoslavery began. Neoslavery was practiced after the Emancipation Proclamation and until the beginning of World War IIRead MoreThe Civil War Of The American South3167 Words   |  13 Pagescontroversial 1915 film Birth of a Nation. In which the main villains, being free’d black slaves now turned soldiers and mulatto characters such as (apparently psychotic) politician Sylas Lynch, each represent a threat of miscegenation in one way or another. While the black soldiers do represent one of the many societal inversions of the film in the powerful position of blacks over whites, they also carry a new threat of future miscegenation. Which is characterized by their distinctly frightening sexual

Business Ethics Essay Free Essays

string(27) " according to these rules\." 71203 Business Ethics Assignment 1 Drawing on ethical theory to critique a claim. Businesses putting something back into the local community†¦ †¦ Morally obligatory – or not? Utilitarian and Kantian Moral Theory Viewpoints Tanya Lundie 9118692 27 March 2009 Rainbow (2002) describes ethical theories as being â€Å"†¦ the foundations of ethical analysis†¦ † because they are viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained in the interests of determining â€Å"†¦ what counts as acting ethically†¦ † (The Open Polytechnic, 2009, p. 15). We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay draws on such ‘foundations’ to critique a claim about what makes an action morally obligatory for businesses. It is presented in four parts, the aim being to clarify my understanding of the positions of two ethical theories in particular; Utilitarianism and Kantian Moral Theory (Kantianism). First, I’ll explain the purpose of ethical theory in ethics[1]; giving consideration to why only one theory can be right. Next, I’ll outline the abovementioned theories. Then, drawing on their promulgations, I’ll critically discuss the claim, highlighting general problems in the process. I’ll then outline and assess a criticism detractors might level at each theory, and I’ll close by clarifying my position on what these theories would make of the claim. The purpose of ethical theory can be explained in terms of its role in the normative approach taken to studying ethics. This requires critically considering the basic moral norms people should adhere to in the interests of acting ethically; how they should value humans (and other beings) in their actions (The Open Poly, 2009); what should they consider in so doing; how should they act as a result; and, most importantly, why? The ultimate aims being, to prescribe conduct; judge actions; underwrite judgements; and, justify moral beliefs. Ethical theories are proposed, criticised, defended, revised, re-proposed and-so-on in on-going pursuit of this aim; becoming reference points on a â€Å"†¦ substantial framework†¦ † (Rainbow, 2002). Collectively, they â€Å"†¦ attempt to offer fundamental justification for judgements about the morality or immorality of actions, and provide a basis for making claims about moral obligations†¦ † (V Scholes, personal communication, 15 March 2009). Individually, they provide definitions, supported by reasoned arguments, laying claim to (and justifying) what is of fundamental importance in terms of what counts as an ethically correct action. They are mutually incompatible (The Open Poly, 2009). You can not logically question the morality/immorality of actions with reference to more than one theory at once because you risk finding conflicting and irreconcilable answers given their diverse, sometimes diametrically opposed claims regards just what is fundamental to account for, in valuing others in actions. Even when more than one theory endorses the same action, the reasoning behind, and justification for, why that action ‘counts’ will not be the same. Which goes some way to explaining ‘why only one theory can be right’. I’ll clarify. If each theory claims to have encapsulated the very essence of what is the most fundamental, ethically, about judging and justifying actions, yet they all express disparate, indeed contradictory notions of exactly what that is, there isn’t need to decide which is right[2], to know that only one possibly can be. After all, what is, the most fundamental is singular, one-off†¦ ull-stop! An analogy. Consider all the religious persuasions in the world; all means to worship God(s); all laying claim to the fundamental means to do so; yet readily distinguished by the very different ways they go about this. Now, depending on, say, life experience, we will identify with/believe in/follow a ‘personal’ prefere nce. Can we say that it is ‘right’ and another is ‘wrong’? No. But what we can say, with certainty, is that only one can be right. The contrasting positions of Kantianism and utilitarianism epitomise the dichotomy referred to above. Both make a monistic claim that one thing, and one thing only, is ‘a good in itself’ (Chryssides Kaler, 1993). The non-consequentialist, deontological[3] approach of the former sees moral importance inhered in the principle (motive) of the action (a good in itself) via our rationality – consequences are immaterial. Whilst the consequentialist, teleological[4] basis for the latter provides that the consequences of the action are determinant of their morality – motives matter only insofar as they are conducive to maximising happiness (a good in itself). I’ll now outline each in turn. John Stuart Mill[5] (1806-1873) proposed what utilitarians appeal to in moral decision-making; the principle of utility; or, the Greatest Happiness Principle which: †¦ holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure†¦ absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. (Mills, as cited in The Open Poly, 2009, p. 7) The general utilitarian view is that happiness is a good in itself. The greatest good is securing maximal happiness/pleasure (good consequences) and minimal suffering/pain (bad consequences) for everybody, by acting morally well. Each person’s happiness counts the same, as Bentham (cited by The Open Poly, 2009, p. 18) points out â€Å"†¦ each to count for one, and none for more than one†¦ † We must assess all possible actions and all persons impacted by such. We then judge actions as right/wrong in terms of their utility[6]/disutility; by considering the likely good and bad consequences, for all affected, equally and impartially. An action is thus morally good if it results (as far as is reasonably foreseeable) in the most good consequences and least bad ones, on balance, for all likely affected, compared with alternative actions. An agent acts morally well by doing the morally good action most likely to secure â€Å"†¦ the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people†¦ † (The Open Poly, 2009, p. 6). A conventional distinction is made between the classic, act approach and a newer version of the theory – rule utilitarianism. The objective of achieving ‘greatest overall good’ is unchanged. But, due to disagreement over how best to achieve this, rule utilitarians apply the Greatest Happiness Principle to set general, morally valid, rules of conduct (the best rules, amongst alternatives, in terms a chieving the greatest good (help others in distress’ ‘do not break promises’) and then judge individual actions right/wrong according to these rules. You read "Business Ethics Essay" in category "Essay examples" Act utilitarians steadfastly apply the Principle to individual actions – with the added option of following suggested rules (or not); which allows for combining the good effects of upholding rules, with the good effects of breaking them, if needed (The Open Poly, 2009). Thus, if a particular situation’s right action requires breaking a rule in order to maximise happiness/minimise harm (lying to save a life for instance) the act utilitarian says ‘so be it’ – it’s morally justified. Kantianism was pioneered by German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1806) whose moral focus centred on the principle behind the action in terms of the individual agent performing it; their ability to reason; to accept the basis of moral obligations must be universal and impartial (The Open Poly, 2009); to act against personal desires and ulterior motives as a result; hence, to possess the right motivation for acting – ‘good will’ (a good in itself). The moral agent has ‘good will’ because they act solely from a motive of obligation (sense of duty) in recognition that â€Å"†¦ ollowing the right action’s principle is morally required in itself †¦ † (The Open Poly, 2009, p. 27). For instance, if a promises is to be kept, it’s because a promise is a promise; kept for its own sake, fullstop. Not because being reliable might have spin-offs! Self-interest cannot be the motive nor even any laudable emotion such loyalty – that may not be immoral, but it is not morally praiseworthy in Kant’s view. How can we judge if an action is done only from a sense of duty? Well, the â€Å"†¦ principle of the action†¦ † must â€Å"†¦ respect rational humanity†¦ † (The Open Poly, 2009, p. 7) by way of accord with the Categorical Imperative of morality[7]; Kant’s universal rule of obligation; designed to guide moral reasoning in determining what moral obligations are, by testing the principles of the actions involved. It’s first formulation tests the rule (maxim) we are following in performing the action, for its universalisability: 1. Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become universal law. (Kant, as cited in The Open Poly, 2009, p. 28) In other words, could all humanity act on this rule, consistently, without it contradicting its own logic? If so, it is morally permissible; if not, it means â€Å"†¦ it’s not okay to make an exception of ourselves by deciding it’s alright just for just us to do it†¦ † (The Open Poly, 2009, p. 29). Kant insists we do ourselves, only that which we could have everybody else do, without it proving irrational. Consider the rule ‘when I make a promise, I may subsequently decide not to keep it’ – if everybody acted on this, all the time, promises would no longer be promises and promise-making would become completely pointless! The second formulation tests how we treat others in our actions: . Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means. (Kant, as cited in The Open Poly, 2009, p. 28) Or, treat people must be as ends in themselves, never as means to an end. That is, we should treat people in ways that reflect their inherent value a nd never use them as tools to achieve some other purpose; because, as The Open Poly (2009, p. 29) emphasise â€Å"†¦ the value of a person is not†¦ dependent on how useful they are to someone else†¦ Indeed, according to Kant, people have intrinsic value above and beyond the merely instrumental value we accord tools that we use for our own ends. Consider the action of befriending a work colleague. You actually detest them, but hope to cadge a free ride to work. You are using this colleague as means to achieve your own end. Thus, Kantianism deems morally good actions those that show respect for rational humanity; by according with the formulations of the Categorical Imperative (as above); and, the morally good agent puts morally good actions into practise; motivated solely by a sense of duty. Now, bearing in mind the theoretical perspectives outlined above, I’ll discuss the ‘claim[8]’that: ‘Businesses[9] have a moral obligation to put something back into the local community, because this will improve their standing in the community which in turn will help their profits. ’ Do they? Milton Friedman[10] may well concur, but, neither a Kantian nor a utilitarian could agree. Basically, the reasoning provided (making the business vehicle look good, thereby helping the bottom line) in support of the action involved (giving back to the local community) is simply incongruent with what either theory would purport to justify an action being morally obligatory – for reasons I will outline in the discussion that follows. From the Kantian perspective, having ‘consequences’ conditionally attached to the suggested action as they are (‘†¦ because this will such-and-such†¦ ’) means businesses would not be following a right action’s principle for its own sake, putting back, solely from a duty motive to ‘give back’. There is no moral significance in the businesses’ ‘desires’ and associated consequences; mention of such is indeed evidence of the absence of goodwill (a good in itself) as well as ulterior motives of self-interest (‘desire’ to improve image/enhance profitability) and, emotion (fear of not being seen to be sufficiently magnanimous to achieve the ‘standing’ desired). Further, is the maxim guiding the action a categorical should? No! It has completely hypothetical basis; if you want such-and-such then you should do so-and-so. The businesses would only be acting in such a way necessary to achieve pre-determined and self-interested ends; and, using the community(s) as means in the process! Let’s consider what the maxim for the action would be; ‘I will share my profits with those that assist my earning them, provided I benefit from certain pre-determined spin-offs as a result’. What would happen if this were acted on by all humanity? ‘Giving’ would become completely conditional on getting something in return – that is self-defeating and contradictory. It undermines its own principle; giving is not taking as well! It could be argued that Kant did not categorically prohibit the use of persons as means to other persons’ ends? Only that they should not be exclusively treated in such a way? After all, the members of the community(s) can exercise their own powers of reason; they do need certain goods and services; if they freely choose to support the businesses, then achieving their own ends becomes part of the businesses’ image/profit goal. That said, are the community(s) really being treated exclusively as means to achieve the businesses’ goals? A Kantian would say yes! They are being manipulated. Their rational autonomy is not being respected; given the usinesses ulterior motives. For such an argument be justified, the businesses would have to have made clear the ‘giving back’ is entirely conditional on certain ‘reciprocation’ in return – would they do this, given the outcomes ‘desired’? No! I admit some support the claim on the grounds that, given the purpose of a business enterprise, self-serving/emotional motivation only makes business sense and is entirely appropriate; and, if the businesses do benefit in the ways described, they will be in a better position to put even more back into their community(s) – good consequences all round! But a Kantian would challenge this on two counts. First, acting from emotion and/or self interest (even if the community(s) are also benefitted by/satisfied with the suggested consequences) might not be immoral, but it is proof there is not the essential duty motive required to make this action morally obligatory. Next, consequences are immaterial; good or bad, they come as they may – after acting on the principle behind the action for its own sake. Yet this claim (‘the putting back should be done because of†¦ ’) purports to justify the suggested action with reference to†¦ consequences! That might make a morally obligatory action from a utilitarian perspective, but not that of a Kantian. A Kantian could only support the claim, were it simply ‘businesses have a moral obligation to put something back into the local community’ fullstop. The motivation for such would be a sense of duty – nothing else; the maxim of the action might be ‘I will share the benefit of my profits with those that assist my earning them’ – it’s universalisable; and, in their ‘giving back’ businesses would be recognising the inherent value in the community(s) by treating them as ends in themselves. An act[11] utilitarian would not argue with the idea of businesses giving back to their local communities, indeed, it is entirely in keeping with the utilitarianism â€Å"†¦ purpose or function†¦ to promote human welfare†¦ † (Beauchamp, Bowie Arnold, 2008, p. 18). Further, the claim does give regard to the usefulness of the action involved by way of some forward-thinking reasoning. But, that forward-thinking is so limited; the reasoning provided is entirely inadequate! Before considering the flawed reasoning, any morally obligatory action of this nature would have to be carefully considered, weighing up all likely good and bad consequences, by the business contemplating doing it, on a case-by-case basis, each time the action were to be performed. Consider, the consequences of particular businesses giving back to their community(s), at any given point in time will vary – by the nature and circumstances of different businesses/communities; and, by nature and circumstance of one business/one community, given change over time. For instance, if a business were to ‘put back’ to such an extent it were rendered insolvent (adopting the utilitarian ethic can be very demanding (Rachels Rachels, 2007)) then, weighing up the consequences, the intense pain inflicted on itself would outweigh it’s community’s relatively mild, collective happiness; or, a business such as a brothel highlighting its existence in a small town community in the way suggested, would surely have only bad consequences – the alternative action would infact engender the greatest overall good. A utilitarian would say the claim is so generalised as to render determining the action involved morally obligatory or otherwise, is impossible! Now to the justification provided, given moral significance for a utilitarian inheres in what the action is for. Is there evidence of consideration of the reasonably foreseeable consequences for all potentially affected? ’ The only consequences alluded to are those for the businesses alone. What about good and bad consequences? A utilitarian would need to be securing maximal happiness and minimal harm, again, for all affected, through any morally obligatory action taken. Is a competitor business going to suffer bad consequences? Some might argue there are only so many dollars and so much community support to go around; if a business benefits as suggested as a result of ‘giving back’ someone else might suffer the opposite consequences. Bankruptcies? Job losses? These sorts of implications need to be considered. What about consideration of the likely consequences of alternative actions? Any right action is so, only because it better secures the greatest good for the greatest many, compared with alternatives. Where is indication of consideration given equal and impartial treatment of all affected by this action? A utilitarian would point out there is in fact evidence of unequal and partial consideration of interests – the claim, as it reads, suggests it is only the greatest good for the businesses that is of moral significance here – what if this works against the greatest overall good for all affected? – after all, that is the ultimate good a utilitarian would be seeking in a right action. A utilitarian would caution, in view of the inadequacy of the suggested consequences, that it is simply not sufficient o simply presume that an action will bring about good (or bad) consequences ‘desired’; the assumption has to be reasonable given the circumstances – and this claim seems to risk presenting a far too optimistic, biased view of likely consequences; but, we don’t know what information is available at the time do we? Perhaps a general rule sh ould be followed here? It would seem to make more sense, given the nature of differing businesses and the difficulties predicting likely consequences with any circumstances. The utility principle seems to have been applied Unless, as a utilitarian would concur, promoting utility in general is unlikely to eventuate in overall unjust outcomes for all concerned, long-term; the risk is in perceiving short-term benefits at the expense of that but that is no defence for this claim – the justification provided is woefully inadequate even in support of generalised, long-term, overall benefits are envisaged. perspective is more overarching view is intended, Too general – case by case Short –term pleasure – personal comm. Action hasn’t got right justification =not accept claim at all. Cosequences for all likely affected, good and bad? Alternatives considered? Seem like very narrow view of consequences involved – wrong ones? Predicting future Too demanding Basically, the claim takes a radically non-utilitarian approach to justifying the action involved. A utilitarian could not accept any part of it. The action alone would be inadequate; utilitarianism requires the ‘†¦ because†¦ such-and-such†¦ ’ the action and the justification provided are equally inadequate in terms of justifying this action morally obligatory; there needs be a far more thorough evaluation of what will happen as a result of doing it; what is the greatest overall that can be achieved? For a utilitarian to support the claim, the putting back would need to be done, say ‘†¦ because†¦ doing so will serve to best satisfy the interests of all involved (compared with not doing so) thereby securing the greatest happiness for the greatest many†¦ † As the claim reads, there simply is no moral obligation from the utilitarian perspective. REASONING. consider actions are not good or bad in themselves, only in what they are good or bad for. Consider the justification provided. Further, â€Å"†¦ actions are not good or bad in themselves†¦ nly in what they are good or bad for†¦ † (Chryssides Kaler, 1993, p. 91) whilst the claim does give regard to some forward thinking reasoning. However, the reasoning provided does not make the action morally obligatory from is all wrong from the utilitarian perspective. Criticisms: Opponents of the utilitarian standpoint might well argue it deems as morally good, actions inflicting suffering on a minority in order to benefit a majority – if they engender more good overall than alternatives (The Open Poly, 2009). This seems inconsiderate of the afflicted minority. Consider: affluent American couple and daughter illegally adopt Nepalese orphan and subject her to childhood of slavery. She sleeps in airless basement; works 14 hours plus 7 days a week; waits on them hand and foot; cleaning, cooking, gardening; no schooling; fed on scraps; treated as less-than-human. She is 25% of the equation; utterly wretched. The other 75% lead lives of indolence and sloth in their palatial home; kept pristine at effectively no cost; and, they derive sadistic pleasure from ill-treating the girl and outsmarting child protection authorities. They are chuffed. Add up the total sum of happiness/misery as a result of enslaving this child and, yes, the ‘arrangement’ could be construed to maximise happiness given all the resources available (the alternative would make 25% a lot happier, but would not offset a marginal decrease in happiness of the 75% majority). The criticism seems valid – this is morally repugnant! But, I would argue it could be misguided; and I have two lines of defence. First, a point which Bentham himself acknowledged (Chryssides Kaler, 1993). Unhappiness in general/pain in particular are far more intensely felt than happiness/pleasure (consider the depths to which suffering slavery/malnutrition/illiteracy would take the child, compared with the relatively mild enjoyment of languor/financial benefit/sadistic pleasure experienced by the family). In acknowledging this, utilitarianism rules out such gross injustice. Intense suffering by a minority will always outweigh happiness the majority derive as a result of that suffering; the balance of disutility over utility would deem the situation morally wrong. Second, a rule utilitarian would reason differently; ask ‘what general rules of conduct tend to promote greatest happiness? ’ then compare hypothetical societies, one in which the rule ‘Don’t subject orphaned children to slavery’ is observed, the other it isn’t; decide people will be happier in the first society; accept the rule against enslaving children; and, by appealing to it, conclude what the American family did to the child is totally abhorrent and morally unacceptable. Chryssides Kaler (1993, p. 99) allude to a â€Å"†¦ non-consequentialist inflexibility†¦ with reference to Kantianism. I would have to agree; all the categoric moral rules that hold without exception, in all circumstances! For instance, Kant (as cited in Rachels Rachels, 2007, p. 123) disallowed all lying; the â€Å"†¦ the obliteration of ones dignity as a human being†¦ † And, as Rachels Rachels (2007, p. 123) note in his defence â€Å"â₠¬ ¦ there is something in this†¦ † for lies to be successful, there needs be a general belief that truth-telling prevails; so, any point in lying requires there not being a universal law permitting it! For instance, consider a situation where telling a lie would save a life; an intending murderer asking for the whereabouts of his/her intended victim for instance. Surely it is not only reasonable, but morally obligatory, to lie, in the interests of preventing a violent end to a precious human life? Not if you hold Kantian views! You couldn’t universalise the maxim upon which you would act; and, lying would be the epitome of not showing respect for another person’s autonomy – even if he/she is an intending murder, he/she has the freedom to make his/her own decisions about how to live his/her life. Kant himself has defended the Kantian position on lying for this sort of circumstance (Rachels Rachels, 2007). The inflexibility is entirely justified; we are only tempted to make exceptions to the rule not to lie, in situations where truth-telling seems to have bad consequences and lying good ones; and predicting consequences is such an imprecise science! Kantianism avoids such second-guessing altogether. Consequences are immaterial. You simply avoid the confirmable evil – lying; tell the truth and let the consequences come as they may. Even if the murderer finds and kills the victim as a result, it’s not your fault, you have done your duty! I do perceive some ‘comfort’ in this stance – one right action – but perhaps that is just because I am hopeless at making difficult decisions and weighing up consequences! Besides, I don’t think such a responsibility should (or could) be evaded so callously. Kant’s logic does seem flawed – we are be morally responsible for the bad consequences of that undisputable evil lying, but we escape similar responsibility for the bad consequences of telling the truth? Perhaps this defence is not so convincing. Some respond to the criticism of Kantianism’s absolute, inviolable rules by suggesting there is the option of making the maxims on which we act more sophisticated. For instance, given the above example, instead of ‘I will always tell the truth’ or, ‘I will never lie’ what about ‘I will tell the truth to those seeking information for honest purposes’. The problem with this, is; which circumstances permit such qualifications being made, and which do not? Would misuse of means to ‘create maxims to suit’ result in making a nonsense of universalisation? If so, and there is no room in Kantian ethics for bending rules, some suggest modifying Kantianism to discriminate between ‘prima facie’ and ‘actual’ duties (Chryssides Kaler, 1993). The actual duties take precedence over those prima facie (at first appearance), so, if there is conflict, the most important duty is that actually acted on; we are morally absolved of the other. For the intended murder situation for instance, the duty not to lie could be overruled by the duty to put a stop to criminal activity? Both ‘modifications’ seem attempts to defend the undesirable effects of acting on principle alone. Kantianism is about acting on principle; perhaps it simply cannot be defended. Conclusion Reasoning – rational respect/all the consequences References Beauchamp, T. L. , Bowie, N. E. Arnold, D. G. (Eds). (2008) Ethical theory and business (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Chryssides, G. D. , Kaler, J. H. (1993). An introduction to business ethics. London, England: Chapman and Hall. Rachels, J. , Rachels, S. (2007). The elements of moral philosophy (5th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand. (2009). Modules 1 and 2. In 71203 Business Ethics. Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Author. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] ———————– [1] That is, the normative (prescriptive) study of ethics; as distinguished from the descriptive approach of the social scientists and/or the conceptual study of significant ethical terms such as right, obligation, justice and so on. (Beauchamp Bowie, 2008) [2] One of the most fundamental questions in life! (V Scholes, personal communication, 4 March 2009). Philosophers have been debating this since 6th century BCE (pre-Socrates)†¦ they still are. [3] [Gk deon=duty} deontological theories base morality on foundational principles of duty/obligation [4] [Gk telos=end} teleological theories base morality on end results (consequences) [5] One of the most influential exponents of this theory. (The Open Poly, 2009). [6] Their usefulness (or lack of it) in terms of ‘standard’ utility as defined by Greatest Happiness Principle. [7] Imperative – it demands; categorical – commands are binding and absolute (The Open Poly, 2009). [8] It’s an argument! The premise is relevant and internally consistent (The Open Poly, 2009) but I would challenge its veracity and argue it is highly dependent on the nature of the ‘business’ and the ‘local community’ in question. A Wairarapa brothel adopted this philosophy†¦ heightened profile? Yes. Improved image – ‘helped’ profits as a result? Neither! It was driven out of town! [9] Businesses? We hold individual’s morally accountable. Businesses are not individuals. We cannot hold businesses morally accountable. To which Goodpaster Matthews (as cited in Chryssides Kaler 1993, p. 269) on ‘moral projection’ reply â€Å"†¦ n certain respects concepts and functions normally attributed to persons can be attributed to organisations made up of persons†¦ society finds the idea both intelligible and useful†¦ † I ‘morally project’ individual moral responsibility onto the ‘businesses’ in thi s claim. [10] On his ‘social responsibility of business’ Chryssides Kaler (1993, p. 231) opine â€Å"†¦ Friedman is not saying businesses must never seek to do good, they may do so provided they do it to serve the goal of profit maximisation†¦ † [11] The assumption is made that act utilitarianism is representative the main position of utilitarianism. How to cite Business Ethics Essay, Essays Business Ethics Essay Free Essays Robert Gertsen Prof. Orkin Business Ethics Essay At first glance, it seems to be clear that this is in essence, an unethical issue that is occurring. According to Brigham Young University’s Exchange Magazine’s categories of ethical dilemmas, stating something that is not true constitutes an unethical action. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The customer’s lawyer attempt to strike a deal in which you state in a court of law that no sign was placed in place would be a false statement. However, before delving into any assumptions, it is imperative to explore various aspects of the dilemmas surrounding this problem. According to Jennings’ steps for analyzing ethical dilemmas, you must observe from the perspective of each person involved in the case and the effect that this has on them. As the manager of the supermarket, it would be morally correct to refuse the lawyer’s request for deal and proceed with a normal litigation. However, from the manager’s perspective, it would extremely negative for his career if his company ended up being sued for money by the plaintiff. He would most likely lose his job and as a result, his financial situation would be in ruin. If he had a family, they would be affected as well. There is a conflict of interest. The manager must also consider the effects of his actions on other parties. Also, other parties would be negatively affected. If the supermarket were sued, the financial loss would affect employees, shareholders, and owners of the company, all of whom have personal responsibilities and family as well. And from the lawyer’s point of view, her client has no insurance, has large medical bills and cannot work. The only way to possibly win any sum of money would be to sue just for medical costs, which the insurance company would cover. Is it ethical to proceed with this even though the client is in such a dire situation? If the lawyer doesn’t proceed with the plan, her client will be unable to work, and will also run into huge financial problems. An employee at the supermarket you manage mopped one of the aisles in the store and placed signs at the ends of the aisle to warn people not to use the aisle until the floor dried. One customer walked around the sign, slipped, fell, and suffered serious injuries. Her lawyer comes to you with the following story. She says that she is going to sue the store for the negligence that led to the customer’s injuries. However, she says that she doubts that she can win, since case law in the state makes it clear that the sign is considered a reasonable warning so that contributory negligence by the customer would eliminate the liability of the store. This means that the customer will get nothing, but one can never be completely sure. The worst part is that the customer has no insurance, has incurred large hospital bills, cannot work for several months, and has no source of support. The lawyer makes the following deal. She will forgo any fee for the case and will sue only for an amount equal to the medical costs incurred and the wages lost, if you will agree to testify that there was no sign in place to warn that the floor was wet. The payment will be made by the insurance company. This will not affect your position with the insurance company, and you will save attorney’s fees. Should you make such a deal? What if you knew that the law in most states would provide an award because their laws hold that warning signs are insufficient and a complete physical barrier has to be in place? Discuss the ethical issues. How to cite Business Ethics Essay, Essays

Samsung Company Success Strategy-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You are required to prepare a business report that deconstructs an organisation's business model and identifies the critical success factors that make the business sustainable. To undertake this analysis you will need to explore different business models, including those that are frequently seen to achieve sustainable success and high levels of profitability. Answer: Introduction This research will discuss the business model of a company and analyze the factors which have contributed to its success in the market. The report discusses the nine blocks of the business model which are important in achieving its success and growth. The selected company is Samsung. The company is also the biggest manufacturer of smartphones and mobile phones. The company is fueled by the popularity of its Samsung Galaxy devices(Knpfle, 2016, p. 34). Since 2006 the company has been the most significant television manufacturer and suppliers, and since 2011 the company also becomes the biggest producer of mobile phones. In the long run, SEC has been the world leading manufacturers of components such chips, hard drive, flash memory, lithium-ion batteries and semiconductors devices for clients who include Nokia, HTC, Apple, and Sony(Knpfle, 2016, p. 67). Business Model: Nine building blocks For us to analyze the Samsung company success strategy it is vital to know the business model of the company. Basically, the business model comprises of nine building blocks which are helpful in attaining its goals and objectives(Commonwealth Secretariat, 2008, p. 119). The business model of Samsung is the representation of all the services and operations carried by the firm in order to increase the profit. The business model of the Samsung Company is as discussed below Key resources Key resources for Samsung Company are the human resources and technology. The two are able to come up with the unique operating system, application software, and hardware which are different from other companies in the market. These enable the company to compete competitively in the market. Apart from the two patents and licensing also act as key resources to the company contributing to the company success in the long run(Chang, 2011). Value creation In a most important aspect of every company are to create values to its customers. Samsung Company is able to come up with a different brand from the rests of the companies in the market. The brand differentiates the company from the rest. Some of the most prominent brands are Samsung galaxy which was introduced in the market early 2010s(Garcia, 2015). In value creation, the company promoted and encouraged innovation among the employees to increase competition in the business. The improved technology and recent innovation has helped the company to come up with high quality products. SCM and SIX SIGMA is another sector associated with Samsung Company value creation. Basically, the above sector improves the revenue generated by the company as well as profit in the long run (Garcia, 2015). Key activities The companies key activities include research and development which is aimed at producing the best products in the market which are quality and durable compared to others. Some of the products supplied by Samsung include mobile phones, television, radio, ironing machine and other home appliances. The improved product quality is attributed to the research and development the company carries. Another important activity is making sure the customers are satisfied with all the time. The most important aspect amongst all is coming up with the highest level of technology in the market which enables high-quality product production(Jrg Mahlich, 2012). Value proposition The aim of the company is to devote its talent and technology so that it can create more superior products and services in the market which will contribute to a better global community. The home appliances used in our home, the mobile user for communication, the television used to deliver news and radio used for entertainment are all Samsungs products which are used to keep our life better. Samsung is used to deliver satisfactory products in our life as well as keeping our life cool and simple(Suklev, Fidanoski, Simeonovski, Mateska, Zlatanoska, 2013). Distribution channel/Customer channel Chances are vital for every company as it enables the customers to reach the company and the company to reach the customers. The company uses various channels to advertise its products. Some of the channels used include YouTube, television, radio, Google, and all other social media sites. For the products to reach the market also the company uses different channels such retails, wholesales among other(Giachetti, 2014). Customer relationship The main aim of the business operation is to make a profit; in order to achieve the required target the company must maintain its good relationship with customers. Samsung understands this and has laid down various ways to maintain the good relationship with its customers(Clow Baack, 2012, p. 35). Some of those ways include After sale services-the company offers after sale services such installing electronic devices to the customers house. By doing this the accident rate caused by wrong electrical devices have reduced thus increasing the relationship between customers and the company(Brock, 2011, p. 39). Affirm or guarantee- Samsung Company offers warrants to its customers where a customer is supposed to take back to the company if any product has a malfunction problem. The warrant is mostly offered if the malfunctioning happens in the span of five years after purchases and the customer is supposed to take back the product to the company for an exchange or compensation. Personal assistance- sometimes the customers are taught how to use the Samsung products if the need arises. The education is carried in shows and exhibition to the general public. This enhances the relationship between the customers and the company which results in increased product purchases in the long run. Target customers/Customer Segment In Samsung Company customers is dived into classes. Lower class, this is kind of people who earn less and are associated with buying low products as they have minimal disposals. The middles class, this is kind of whose earning is in average they are associated with buying average quality products. Upper class, these are people with high disposals and them quality matters a lot. High-class people can buy the product at any price so long they are of high quality and also it satisfies their need. Although, most of the Samsung products are purchased by young compared to old people due entertainment reasons. Cost structure The Samsung Company incur a lot of cost in securing skilled human resources in the market, carrying out research and development, financial cost, information, and technology department, selling of products and the general administration costs. At the end of every financial year, all the costs incurred by the company are evaluated. Revenue stream The primary company revenues are generated through the sales of the products to the customers. However, the company also generates revenues through renting its premises to third parties at a small rate. Critical success factors Based on the above model of canvas there are some critical success factors which help the Samsung Company to compete in the market. These factors help the company to outperform other companies in the market and achieve its success and growth Revenue As we said earlier, profit is the primary reason for business existences. Samsung Company has been able to produce profits for the past years. The profit keeps on increasing from year to year apart from 1980 and 2011 when the company made a loss due to the financial crisis which affected the dollars. For instance, in October 2017 the company made US$372.0 billion. Currently, Samsung is the largest company in the world in terms of revenue generation. In spite of the company employing more than 308, 745 workers in 2012it still generated the highest revenue and also making it one of the biggest employers in the whole world. Human resource Human resources are the greatest resources the company has. The company is able to pay the most skilled workers in the market competitively. Acquiring the most skilled workers in the market has enabled the company use the most advanced technology in coming up with their own unique operating system, application software, and hardware. Due to their creativity, the company is able to maintain the competitive composition in the market in terms of design, technology, and creativity. Some of the reasons why the company is able to attract and maintain high skilled labor are the healthy working environment, job security and competitive salary. As a result, the company enjoys increased revenues generated from sales. Conclusion Based on the canvas business model Samsung Company has achieved its success and growth. Among other factors, the above once have helped the company to reach that growth. For example, nine building blocks are the essential factors which have helped that growth. High products produced and high skilled employees also contribute a lot to the company success. The future of the company is controlled by the actions and decision made by the company management. Bibliography Brock, D. (2011). Aftersales management: creating a successful aftersales strategy to reduce costs, improve customer service and increase sales. London; Philadelphia: Kogan. Chang, S.-J. (2011). Sony vs Samsung: The Inside Story of the Electronics Giants' Battle For Global Supremacy. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Clow, K. E., Baack, D. (2012). Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Commonwealth Secretariat. (2008). Commonwealth finance ministers reference report 2008. London: Henley. Garcia, R. (2015). Startup soar coaching: successful outcomes by adapting to resiliency. New York: Buoyant Capital. Giachetti, C. (2014). Competitive dynamics in the mobile phone industry. [Place of publication not identified]: Palgrave Pivot. Jrg Mahlich, . P. (2012). Innovation and technology in Korea: challenges of a newly advanced economy. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, A Springer Company. Knpfle, G. (2016). Samsung Electronics and the Global Market. The History and the Competitive Advantage. Munich: GRIN Verlag. Suklev, B. G., Fidanoski, F. G., Simeonovski, K. G., Mateska, V. G., Zlatanoska, A. G. (2013). Strategic Planning in Entrepreneurial Companies. Seoul: Seoul Selectio